Очистка и калибровка семян подсолнечника
Очистка и калибровка семян подсолнечника — Podsolnechnik yavlyayetsya samoy vostrebovannoy maslichnoy kul’turoy. Yego dolya v promyshlennoy pererabotke dostigayet 85-90%, v ploshchadyakh posevov — 70-87%. Kul’tura vyrashchivayetsya dlya pishchevykh, tekhnicheskikh i meditsinskikh tseley.
Postupayushchiy ot kombayna vorokh prakticheski nikogda ne sootvetstvuyet bazisnym trebovaniyam vlazhnosti i chistoty, kharakterizuyetsya povyshennoy biologicheskoy aktivnost’yu i podverzhennost’yu bystroy porche. Dlya dovedeniya do sootvetstvuyushchikh standartov (DSTU 7011:2009 dlya Ukrainy) neobkhodima posleuborochnaya obrabotka — ochistka, sushka, kalibrovka.
Очистка
Vazhneyshaya sostavlyayushchaya posleuborochnoy obrabotki. Na dannom etape posleuborochnyy vorokh razdelyayetsya na osnovnuyu kul’turu (semena podsolnechnika), krupnyye i melkiye otkhody (semena drugikh kul’tur, shelukhi, ostatki list’yev, korzinok i stebley, mineral’nyye i inyye vklyucheniya), maslichnuyu primes’ (bitaya, obrushennaya, isporchennaya, iz»yedennaya, zagnivshaya, nedorazvitaya semechka). Poslednyaya predstavlyayet opredelennuyu tsennost’ i mozhet byt’ ispol’zovana v kachestve pishchevoy dobavki dlya zhivotnykh ili komponenta dlya sozdaniya toplivnykh briketov (semena podsolnechnika — goryuchiy material).
V zavisimosti ot naznacheniya urozhay mozhet podvergat’sya tol’ko pervichnoy ochistke (na promyshlennyye tseli) i dopolnitel’noy ochistke (semennoy material, povysheniye klassnosti).
Semena podsolnechnika obladayut yarko vyrazhennymi spetsificheskimi osobennostyami:
- vysokoy maslichnost’yu (do 50%);
- nizkoy mekhanicheskoy prochnost’yu obolochki;
- nizkoy skorost’yu vitaniya (3-8,4 m/s, u pshenitsy — 9-11,5 m/s, risa — 8,9-9,5 m/s);
- maloy nasypnoy plotnost’yu (326-440 kg/m3 — vdvoye men’she, chem u pshenitsy (v zernoochistitel’nyye mashiny postupayet v 2 raza men’she semyan);
- bol’shoy skvazhistost’yu (40-60%, u pshenitsy — 35-45%, u risa — 50-65%), chto sozdayet trudnosti v protsesse posleuborochnoy obrabotki.
V bezreshetnykh mashinakh ASM, razdelyayushchikh material po udel’nomu vesu, eti trudnosti uchteny — dlya ochistki i kalibrovki semyan podsolnechnika predusmotreny spetsial’nyye rezhimy.
Vozdushnyy potok vozdeystvuyet takim obrazom, chto udel’no-tyazhelaya semechka popadayet v konteynery dlya 2-3 fraktsiy, droblenaya i shchuplaya (udel’no-legkaya) — v konteynery dlya 4-5 fraktsiy, tyazhelyye primesi padayut v konteyner dlya tyazhelykh otkhodov, legkiye — sduvayutsya v konets rabochey kamery.
Dvizheniye zernovoy smesi zadayetsya zernopul’tom. Ochishchennyye semena udobno vygruzhat’ v podgotovlennuyu taru, naprimer, v meshki po 25-28 kg.
Калибровка
Eta operatsiya pozvolyayet razdelit’ obshchuyu massu ochishchennykh semyan podsolnechnika na:
- giganty (kalibr 42);
- semena kalibra 40+;
- samyye rasprostranennyye, tak nazyvayemyye, konditerskiye vidy (kalibr 36, 38, 40);
- a takzhe semechku dlinoy boleye 12 mm, vostrebovannuyu pri lyubom kalibre.
Khoroshimi variantami schitayutsya kalibr 40 s dlinoy 10-12 mm, a takzhe kalibr 36+ s dlinoy boleye 12 mm — chem dlinneye i bol’she, tem pribyl’neye s tochki zreniya torgovli.
Kalibrovka na vozdushnom separatore ASM vypolnyayetsya s vysokoy tochnost’yu — ±3 %. Takaya tshchatel’nost’ pozvolyayet otobrat’ naiboleye polnotsennyye, vysokoplotnyye (0,803 g/sm3) semena dlya posleduyushchego poseva.
Подсолнечник на семена
Issledovaniya pokazyvayut, chto u plotnykh semyan soderzhitsya bol’she osnovnykh pitatel’nykh elementov, takikh kak azot (na 0,21 % bol’she) i fosfor (na 0,25 % bol’she). Oni obladayut bol’shey (na 4,7 %) energiyey prorastaniya v sravnenii s meneye plotnymi (udel’no-legkimi) semenami, a takzhe uvelichennymi pokazatelyami laboratornoy i polevoy vskhozhesti (sootvetstvenno na 5 i 13 % bol’she), sily rosta (2,1-2,5 g). Dobavka k urozhayu v sravnenii s udel’no-legkimi semenami mozhet sostavlyat’ 1,5-1,7 tsentnera na kazhdyy gektar.
Proshedshiye obrabotku na separatorakh ASM semena podsolnechnika udovletvoryayut sleduyushchim trebovaniyam:
- Pervyy klass sorta: 99% chistoty, 1% obrushennykh semyan, ne boleye 2-5 sht. semyan sornykh i drugikh rasteniy, 95% vskhozhesti.
- Vtoroy klass sorta: 98% chistoty, 2% obrushennykh semyan, ne boleye 5-15 sht. semyan sornykh i drugikh rasteniy, 90% vskhozhesti.
V mashinakh ASM posleuborochnaya obrabotka semyan podsolnechnika osushchestvlyayetsya teplym vozdukhom, v rezul’tate chego oni podsushivayutsya (vlazhnost’ umen’shayetsya do 2% za prokhod) i ne povrezhdayutsya (v otlichiye ot varianta primeneniya sit).
Очистка и калибровка семян подсолнечника