Семенное дело: основные показатели качества
Семенное дело: основные показатели качества — Kachestvennyye pokazateli semyan opredelyayut perspektivnost’ promyshlennogo ispol’zovaniya toy ili inoy sel’skokhozyaystvennoy kul’tury, ekonomicheskuyu effektivnost’, ustoychivost’ i otmennyye svoystva urozhaya.
Посевные качества семенного материала
Semennoy material (eto mogut byt’ zernovki, semyanki, boby, oreshki, chasti plodov, klubni, melkiye plody) schitayetsya kachestvennym, yesli ikh biokhimicheskiye i fizicheskiye svoystva sootvetstvuyut trebovaniyam gosudarstvennogo standarta Ukrainy (sm. DSTU 2240-93 i periodicheski izdavayemyye instruktsii aprobatsii kormovykh, bakhchevykh i ovoshchnykh kul’tur).
K pokazatelyam kachestva otnosyat:
- Chistotu (tipichnost’) (%). Kharakterizuyet sootnosheniye semyan osnovnoy kul’tury i primesey. Naprimer, dlya semyan pshenitsy pervoy kategorii chistota ustanavlivayetsya na urovne 99,5%, vtoroy — 98%, tret’yey — 95%. Stol’ vysokiye trebovaniya vpolne opravdany — sornyye rasteniya kharakterizuyutsya vysokim koeffitsiyentom razmnozheniya, oni v znachitel’noy mere zasoryayut posevy. K posevu ne dopuskayutsya semena tekh kul’tur, v kotorykh prisutstvuyut v vide primesey karantinnyye sornyaki.
- Massu 1000 semyan. Dannyy kriteriy opredelyayet norm vyseva. S pomoshch’yu etoy kharakteristiki vyyavlyayetsya krupnost’ semyan i ikh obespechennost’ pitatel’nymi veshchestvami.
- Vlazhnost’ (%). Pokazyvayet sootnosheniye sukhosti/nalichiya vlagi. Vlazhnyy semennoy material «dyshit» intensivneye, khuzhe khranitsya, bystro teryayet vskhozhest’. Vlazhnost’ vazhna yeshche na etape uborke semennogo materiala — chem ona vyshe, tem boleye bol’she veroyatnost’ povrezhdeniya zarodysha (rekomenduyetsya, chtoby etot pokazatel’ ne prevyshal 25%). Yesli govorit’ o khranenii, to vlazhnost’ meneye 12% obespechivayet otsutstviye razvitiya bolezney, a tak zhe garantiruyet sokhraneniye boleye chem 90% vskhozhesti na protyazhenii:12 let — pshenitsa;
13 let — oves;
9 let — kukuruza;
5 let — proso i rozh’. - Laboratornuyu vskhozhest’. Pokazyvayet sootnosheniye normal’no prorosshikh i plokho (ili vovse ne prorosshikh) semyan. Nazyvayetsya laboratornoy, potomu chto opredelyayetsya prorashchivaniyem v usloviyakh, sozdannykh v laboratorii. Sroki prorashchivaniya dlya razlichnykh kul’tur otlichayutsya (v bol’shinstve sluchayev eto 7-8 dney). Razlichayut tekhnicheskuyu, absolyutnuyu i gruntovuyu vskhozhest’. Pred»yavlyayemyye k vskhozhesti, kak i k chistote, trebovaniya dostatochno vysokiye — pervoklassnyye semena dolzhny kharakterizovat’sya 95% tekhnicheskoy vskhozhest’yu.
- Energiyu prorastaniya. Opredelyayetsya kolichestvom semyan, prorosshikh za opredelennyy vremennoy promezhutok (kak pravilo, v techeniye 3-4 dney). Eta kharakteristika pokazyvayet sposobnost’ semennogo materiala k druzhnym i rovnym vskhodam. Etot pokazatel’ sovmestno s laboratornoy vskhozhest’yu vo mnogom opredelyayutsya tselostnost’yu semennogo materiala (kak pokazyvayet praktika, povrezhdennyye semena v techeniye vos’mi mesyatsev khraneniya mogut teryat’ 30-40% energii prorastaniya i 62-89% laboratornoy vskhozhesti).
- Zhiznesposobnost’. Pokazyvayet sootnosheniye zhivykh semyan k obshchemu kolichestvu, vzyatomu dlya analiza. Opredelyayetsya putem vozdeystviya khimicheskogo veshchestva (indigokarmin, tetrazol, rastvor yodistogo kaliya) na tkani zarodysha (mertvyye semena okrashivayutsya).
- Stepen’ zarazhennosti boleznyami i vreditelyami. Etot pokazatel’ opredelyayetsya v obyazatel’nom poryadke. Ne prigodnym dlya poseva okazyvayetsya material, v kotorom obnaruzhen kleshch i drugiye vrediteli, gribok. Dlya snizheniya vozdeystviya mikroorganizmov na semena primenyayut protravlivaniye (rekomenduyetsya provodit’ nezadolgo do poseva, tak kak zablagovremennaya obrabotka na 20-24% snizhayet vskhozhest’ semyan).
Семенной материал: документация
Takiye pokazateli kak chistota, vskhozhest’, vlazhnost’ i stepen’ povrezhdeniya vreditelyami i gribkami, vnosyatsya v dokumenty, podtverzhdayushchiye posevnyye kachestva.
K pervichnoy dokumentatsii otnosyatsya:
- akt opredelennoy formy;
- udostovereniye o konditsionnosti semyan ili rezul’tat analiza.
Na osnovanii pervichnykh dokumentov sostavlyayetsya okonchatel’naya dokumentatsiya. Eto mozhet byt’ attestat (dlya elitnykh semyan) ili svidetel’stvo (dlya vsekh prochikh semyan).
Снижение механического повреждения семян
Kak govorilos’ raneye, tselostnost’ semennogo materila na 30-89% opredelyayut energiyu prorastaniya i vskhozhest’. Povrezhdeniye vsledstviye mekhanicheskogo vozdeystviya 10% obshchey massy posevnogo materiala privodit k snizheniyu urozhaynosti boleye chem na 1 ts/ga.
Takim obrazom, zalogom tselostnosti semyan stanovyatsya optimal’nyye tekhnologicheskiye regulirovki na kazhdom etape obrabotki semennogo materila (uborka, ochistka v zernoochistitel’nykh mashinakh, sushka v sushil’nykh apparatakh, peredvizheniye v transportiruyushchikh sistemakh).
Yesli govorit’ o uborke kombaynom, dobit’sya umen’sheniya v 5-10 raz kolichestva travmirovannykh semyan mozhno za schet nastroyki:
- optimal’noy regulirovki chastoty vrashcheniya barabana;
- molotil’nykh zazorov;
- velichiny podachi rastitel’noy massy (skorosti dvizheniya kombayna) v zavisimosti ot vremeni sutok (vlazhnosti zernovoy massy).
Vo vremya vypolneniya takikh operatsiy kak ochistka, transportirovka i sortirovka rekomenduyetsya:
- Ne ispol’zovat’ rezhimy povyshennykh skorostey rabochikh organov (chto chasto byvayet v pogone za proizvoditel’nost’yu).
- Maksimal’no vozmozhno sokratit’ transportnyye rasstoyaniya (bol’shinstvo travm (do 70 %) transportnyye).
- Po vozmozhnosti izbegat’ padeniya semennogo materiala s bol’shoy vysoty.
- Ne dopuskat’ peregruzki zernoochistitel’nykh mashin, soblyudat’ reglament v sushil’nykh mashinakh (osobo chuvstvitel’ny k vozdeystviyu rabochikh organov semena kukuruzy, zernobobovykh i podsolnechnika, na nikh poyavlyayutsya treshchiny, pod vozdeystviyem bol’shikh, chem v reglamente, temperatur semena morshchatsya).
Семенное дело: основные показатели качества