Правила хранения зерновых культур
Правила хранения зерновых культур — Agrarnaya promyshlennost’ yavlyayetsya samym sil’nym i masshtabnym proizvodstvom na territoriyakh stran byvshego SNG. Osnovnoy protsent tovara na eksport za granitsu sostavlyayet produktsiya zernovykh rastitel’nykh kul’tur, potomu ne zrya govoryat, chto zerno – eto zoloto Ukrainy, a takzhe drugikh blizhayshikh stran. No glavnoy problemoy yavlyayetsya khraneniye ogromnogo kolichestva zerna, ved’ bez spetsial’nykh usloviy ono ochen’ bystro otsyrevayet i portitsya, a eto mnogomillionnyye ubytki! Potomu usloviya khraneniya takikh kul’tur dolzhny byt’ spetsial’no podobrannymi i chetko kontroliruyemymi, a dlya etogo trebuyutsya vlozheniya i znaniye agrarnogo dela.
Почему правила хранения зерновых культур настолько важны?
Pri sbore urozhay ostayetsya polnost’yu neprosushennym, i kakoy-to protsent vlagi sokhranyayetsya dazhe v absolyutno sozrevshey kul’ture. Posle sbora vsyu etu mnogotonnuyu massu sgruzhayut v khranilishche, kotoroye yeshche nazyvayut elevatorom. Ogromnaya massa zerna, davyashchaya na nebol’shuyu ploshchad’ sozdayet ochen’ sil’noye davleniye, ne ostavlyaya mezhdu zernom vozdushnykh prosloyek, pri takikh usloviyakh za paru dney zerno zapreyet i propadet. Imenno poetomu nuzhno znat’, kak yego pravil’no sokhranyat’, ved’ yesli v khranilishche net khotya by samoy obychnoy vytyazhnoy sistemy ventilyatsii, to v takikh usloviyakh dolgo khranit’ kul’turu prosto nel’zya.
Очистительное оборудование для зерновых
Dlya fermerov, kotoryye zanimayutsya sevooborotom v krupnykh razmerakh, znachitel’no oblegchayet zhizn’ zernoochistitel’noye oborudovaniye po proseivaniyu i ochistke zerna ot sornyaka. U nas proizvoditsya raznoobraznaya ochistitel’naya zernovaya tekhnika. Tut mozhno zakazat’ lyuboye oborudovaniye, kak dlya melkikh fermerov, tak i dlya krupnykh agrarnykh kompaniy. Naprimer: separator dlya zerna, separatory s tsiklonno-osadochnoy kameroy. Vedushchiye spetsialisty detal’no prokonsul’tiruyut i pomogut sdelat’ pravil’nyy vybor.
Необходимые условия для хранения зерна
Po suti, zerno – eto semena, a semena imeyut prirodnuyu pamyat’ prorastaniya pri nepodvizhnosti v blagopriyatnykh usloviyakh. Dlya togo, chtoby zerno ne privodit’ v sostoyaniye aktivatsii nuzhno sozdat’ obratnyye usloviya:
- sistema khraneniya dolzhna imet’ funktsiyu peredvizheniya zerna po khranilishchu cherez kazhdyy opredelennyy vremennoy promezhutok;
- ne delat’ khranilishcha ob»yomom boleye chem dlya 1 tonny zerna, v protivnom sluchaye obespechit’ pervyy punkt budet prakticheski nevozmozhno;
- obyazatel’no dolzhno prisutstvovat’ ventilyatsionnoye osnashcheniye;
- khranit’ strogo v sukhom temnom meste, vlaga i solntse aktiviruyut osnovnuyu funktsiyu zerna i ono libo nachnet rasti, libo gnit’;
- temperatura khraneniya ne dolzhna prevyshat’ komnatnuyu temperaturu.
Главный показатель контроля состояния зерна – запах
Zerno yavlyayetsya elitnoy rastitel’noy kul’turoy, potomu imeyet osobennyy priyatnyy zapakh, kogda ono sokhranyayetsya v normal’nykh usloviyakh, lyuboye izmeneniye zapakha glasit o tom, chto proiskhodit kakoy-to protsess, to yest’ reaktsiya vsledstviye kakogo-to vozdeystviya. Etot vid rastitel’nosti, mozhet byt’, podvergnut razlichnym zabolevaniyam, potomu zapakhi mogut byt’ samymi raznymi:
- zapakh gnili govorit o tom, chto v obshchey masse prisutstvuyut isporchennyye yedinitsy, kotoryye zarazhayut ostal’nykh;
- zapakh seledki govorit ob aktivatsii svoystv zerna pri peregrevanii ili dolgoy nepodvizhnosti;
- zapakh pleseni govorit pro syrost’ v pomeshchenii, v etom sluchaye pomozhet progrevaniye;
- zatkhlyy vozdukh govorit o tom, chto v masse prisutstvuyut gribki.
Контроль зерна по вкусовым качествам
V sluchayakh, kogda zapakh neponyatnyy luchshe udostoverit’sya, poprobovav zerno na vkus. Dlya etogo nuzhno vzyat’ neskol’ko kul’tury gramm bez primesey i razmolot’ yego, po privkusu mozhno dovol’no tochno opredelit’ yego sostoyaniye.
Zerno imeyet vsego chetyre vkusovykh ottenka v zavisimosti ot vnutrennego protsessa:
- gor’kiy privkus govorit o tom, chto tam prisutstvuyut sornyakovyye kul’tury, togda yego nuzhno proseyat’;
- po sladkomu privkusu mozhno ponyat’, chto zerno nachinayet prorastat’;
- kislota — pokazatel’ gniyeniya ili zaprelosti;
- solenyy privkus govorit o nalichii gribka.
U zerna v normal’nom sostoyanii dolzhen byt’ slabovyrazhennyy i slegka sladkovatyy privkus.
Засоренность зерновой массы
Ochen’ mnogo bolezney voznikayet za schet nalichiya v zerne sornyakovykh kul’tur, oni mogut byt’ rasprostranitelyami, kak gribka, tak i, chasto, yavlyayutsya prichinoy prelosti i prorastaniya. Sornyaki bystro nachinayut gnit’, izluchaya bol’shuyu temperaturu v protsesse gniyeniya, yego teplo perekhodit v blizhayshiye zerna i oni nachinayut aktivirovat’sya, eta epidemiya perekhodit po tsepochke, zarazhaya obshchuyu massu za opredelennoye vremya.
